' : " {$match_operator} ";
			$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'having', $preceding_match . implode( " {$match_operator} ", $having_clauses ) );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Returns the report data based on parameters supplied by the user.
	 *
	 * @param array $query_args  Query parameters.
	 * @return stdClass|WP_Error Data.
	 */
	public function get_data( $query_args ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$customers_table_name   = self::get_db_table_name();
		$order_stats_table_name = $wpdb->prefix . 'wc_order_stats';

		// These defaults are only partially applied when used via REST API, as that has its own defaults.
		$defaults   = array(
			'per_page'     => get_option( 'posts_per_page' ),
			'page'         => 1,
			'order'        => 'DESC',
			'orderby'      => 'date_registered',
			'order_before' => TimeInterval::default_before(),
			'order_after'  => TimeInterval::default_after(),
			'fields'       => '*',
		);
		$query_args = wp_parse_args( $query_args, $defaults );
		$this->normalize_timezones( $query_args, $defaults );

		/*
		 * We need to get the cache key here because
		 * parent::update_intervals_sql_params() modifies $query_args.
		 */
		$cache_key = $this->get_cache_key( $query_args );
		$data      = $this->get_cached_data( $cache_key );

		if ( false === $data ) {
			$this->initialize_queries();

			$data = (object) array(
				'data'    => array(),
				'total'   => 0,
				'pages'   => 0,
				'page_no' => 0,
			);

			$selections       = $this->selected_columns( $query_args );
			$sql_query_params = $this->add_sql_query_params( $query_args );
			$count_query      = "SELECT COUNT(*) FROM (
					{$this->subquery->get_query_statement()}
				) as tt
				";
			$db_records_count = (int) $wpdb->get_var(
				$count_query // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
			);

			$params      = $this->get_limit_params( $query_args );
			$total_pages = (int) ceil( $db_records_count / $params['per_page'] );
			if ( $query_args['page'] < 1 || $query_args['page'] > $total_pages ) {
				return $data;
			}

			$this->subquery->clear_sql_clause( 'select' );
			$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'select', $selections );
			$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'order_by', $this->get_sql_clause( 'order_by' ) );
			$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'limit', $this->get_sql_clause( 'limit' ) );

			$customer_data = $wpdb->get_results(
				$this->subquery->get_query_statement(), // phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.NotPrepared
				ARRAY_A
			);

			if ( null === $customer_data ) {
				return $data;
			}

			$customer_data = array_map( array( $this, 'cast_numbers' ), $customer_data );
			$data          = (object) array(
				'data'    => $customer_data,
				'total'   => $db_records_count,
				'pages'   => $total_pages,
				'page_no' => (int) $query_args['page'],
			);

			$this->set_cached_data( $cache_key, $data );
		}

		return $data;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns an existing customer ID for an order if one exists.
	 *
	 * @param object $order WC Order.
	 * @return int|bool
	 */
	public static function get_existing_customer_id_from_order( $order ) {
		global $wpdb;

		if ( ! is_a( $order, 'WC_Order' ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		$user_id = $order->get_customer_id();

		if ( 0 === $user_id ) {
			$customer_id = $wpdb->get_var(
				$wpdb->prepare(
					"SELECT customer_id FROM {$wpdb->prefix}wc_order_stats WHERE order_id = %d",
					$order->get_id()
				)
			);

			if ( $customer_id ) {
				return $customer_id;
			}

			$email = $order->get_billing_email( 'edit' );

			if ( $email ) {
				return self::get_guest_id_by_email( $email );
			} else {
				return false;
			}
		} else {
			return self::get_customer_id_by_user_id( $user_id );
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Get or create a customer from a given order.
	 *
	 * @param object $order WC Order.
	 * @return int|bool
	 */
	public static function get_or_create_customer_from_order( $order ) {
		if ( ! $order ) {
			return false;
		}

		global $wpdb;

		if ( ! is_a( $order, 'WC_Order' ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		$returning_customer_id = self::get_existing_customer_id_from_order( $order );

		if ( $returning_customer_id ) {
			return $returning_customer_id;
		}

		list($data, $format) = self::get_customer_order_data_and_format( $order );

		$result      = $wpdb->insert( self::get_db_table_name(), $data, $format );
		$customer_id = $wpdb->insert_id;

		/**
		 * Fires when a new report customer is created.
		 *
		 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
		 */
		do_action( 'woocommerce_analytics_new_customer', $customer_id );

		return $result ? $customer_id : false;
	}

	/**
	 * Returns a data object and format object of the customers data coming from the order.
	 *
	 * @param object      $order         WC_Order where we get customer info from.
	 * @param object|null $customer_user WC_Customer registered customer WP user.
	 * @return array ($data, $format)
	 */
	public static function get_customer_order_data_and_format( $order, $customer_user = null ) {
		$data   = array(
			'first_name'       => $order->get_customer_first_name(),
			'last_name'        => $order->get_customer_last_name(),
			'email'            => $order->get_billing_email( 'edit' ),
			'city'             => $order->get_billing_city( 'edit' ),
			'state'            => $order->get_billing_state( 'edit' ),
			'postcode'         => $order->get_billing_postcode( 'edit' ),
			'country'          => $order->get_billing_country( 'edit' ),
			'date_last_active' => gmdate( 'Y-m-d H:i:s', $order->get_date_created( 'edit' )->getTimestamp() ),
		);
		$format = array(
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
		);

		// Add registered customer data.
		if ( 0 !== $order->get_user_id() ) {
			$user_id = $order->get_user_id();
			if ( is_null( $customer_user ) ) {
				$customer_user = new \WC_Customer( $user_id );
			}
			$data['user_id']         = $user_id;
			$data['username']        = $customer_user->get_username( 'edit' );
			$data['date_registered'] = $customer_user->get_date_created( 'edit' ) ? $customer_user->get_date_created( 'edit' )->date( TimeInterval::$sql_datetime_format ) : null;
			$format[]                = '%d';
			$format[]                = '%s';
			$format[]                = '%s';
		}
		return array( $data, $format );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve a guest ID (when user_id is null) by email.
	 *
	 * @param string $email Email address.
	 * @return false|array Customer array if found, boolean false if not.
	 */
	public static function get_guest_id_by_email( $email ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$table_name  = self::get_db_table_name();
		$customer_id = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT customer_id FROM {$table_name} WHERE email = %s AND user_id IS NULL LIMIT 1",
				$email
			)
		);

		return $customer_id ? (int) $customer_id : false;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve a registered customer row id by user_id.
	 *
	 * @param string|int $user_id User ID.
	 * @return false|int Customer ID if found, boolean false if not.
	 */
	public static function get_customer_id_by_user_id( $user_id ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$table_name  = self::get_db_table_name();
		$customer_id = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT customer_id FROM {$table_name} WHERE user_id = %d LIMIT 1",
				$user_id
			)
		);

		return $customer_id ? (int) $customer_id : false;
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the last order made by a customer.
	 *
	 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
	 * @return object WC_Order|false.
	 */
	public static function get_last_order( $customer_id ) {
		global $wpdb;
		$orders_table = $wpdb->prefix . 'wc_order_stats';

		$last_order = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:disable WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT order_id, date_created_gmt FROM {$orders_table}
				WHERE customer_id = %d
				ORDER BY date_created_gmt DESC, order_id DESC LIMIT 1",
				// phpcs:enable
				$customer_id
			)
		);
		if ( ! $last_order ) {
			return false;
		}
		return wc_get_order( absint( $last_order ) );
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the oldest orders made by a customer.
	 *
	 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
	 * @return array Orders.
	 */
	public static function get_oldest_orders( $customer_id ) {
		global $wpdb;
		$orders_table                = $wpdb->prefix . 'wc_order_stats';
		$excluded_statuses           = array_map( array( __CLASS__, 'normalize_order_status' ), self::get_excluded_report_order_statuses() );
		$excluded_statuses_condition = '';
		if ( ! empty( $excluded_statuses ) ) {
			$excluded_statuses_str       = implode( "','", $excluded_statuses );
			$excluded_statuses_condition = "AND status NOT IN ('{$excluded_statuses_str}')";
		}

		return $wpdb->get_results(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				// phpcs:ignore WordPress.DB.PreparedSQL.InterpolatedNotPrepared
				"SELECT order_id, date_created FROM {$orders_table} WHERE customer_id = %d {$excluded_statuses_condition} ORDER BY date_created, order_id ASC LIMIT 2",
				$customer_id
			)
		);
	}

	/**
	 * Retrieve the amount of orders made by a customer.
	 *
	 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
	 * @return int|null Amount of orders for customer or null on failure.
	 */
	public static function get_order_count( $customer_id ) {
		global $wpdb;
		$customer_id = absint( $customer_id );

		if ( 0 === $customer_id ) {
			return null;
		}

		$result = $wpdb->get_var(
			$wpdb->prepare(
				"SELECT COUNT( order_id ) FROM {$wpdb->prefix}wc_order_stats WHERE customer_id = %d",
				$customer_id
			)
		);

		if ( is_null( $result ) ) {
			return null;
		}

		return (int) $result;
	}

	/**
	 * Update the database with customer data.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id WP User ID to update customer data for.
	 * @return int|bool|null Number or rows modified or false on failure.
	 */
	public static function update_registered_customer( $user_id ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$customer = new \WC_Customer( $user_id );

		if ( ! self::is_valid_customer( $user_id ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		$last_order = $customer->get_last_order();

		if ( ! $last_order ) {
			$first_name = get_user_meta( $user_id, 'first_name', true );
			$last_name  = get_user_meta( $user_id, 'last_name', true );
		} else {
			$first_name = $last_order->get_customer_first_name();
			$last_name  = $last_order->get_customer_last_name();
		}

		$last_active = $customer->get_meta( 'wc_last_active', true, 'edit' );
		$data        = array(
			'user_id'          => $user_id,
			'username'         => $customer->get_username( 'edit' ),
			'first_name'       => $first_name,
			'last_name'        => $last_name,
			'email'            => $customer->get_email( 'edit' ),
			'city'             => $customer->get_billing_city( 'edit' ),
			'state'            => $customer->get_billing_state( 'edit' ),
			'postcode'         => $customer->get_billing_postcode( 'edit' ),
			'country'          => $customer->get_billing_country( 'edit' ),
			'date_registered'  => $customer->get_date_created( 'edit' )->date( TimeInterval::$sql_datetime_format ),
			'date_last_active' => $last_active ? gmdate( 'Y-m-d H:i:s', $last_active ) : null,
		);
		$format      = array(
			'%d',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
			'%s',
		);

		$customer_id = self::get_customer_id_by_user_id( $user_id );

		if ( $customer_id ) {
			// Preserve customer_id for existing user_id.
			$data['customer_id'] = $customer_id;
			$format[]            = '%d';
		}

		$results = $wpdb->replace( self::get_db_table_name(), $data, $format );

		/**
		 * Fires when customser's reports are updated.
		 *
		 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
		 */
		do_action( 'woocommerce_analytics_update_customer', $customer_id );

		ReportsCache::invalidate();

		return $results;
	}

	/**
	 * Check if a user ID is a valid customer or other user role with past orders.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id User ID.
	 * @return bool
	 */
	protected static function is_valid_customer( $user_id ) {
		$customer = new \WC_Customer( $user_id );

		if ( absint( $customer->get_id() ) !== absint( $user_id ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		$customer_roles = (array) apply_filters( 'woocommerce_analytics_customer_roles', array( 'customer' ) );
		if ( $customer->get_order_count() < 1 && ! in_array( $customer->get_role(), $customer_roles, true ) ) {
			return false;
		}

		return true;
	}

	/**
	 * Delete a customer lookup row.
	 *
	 * @param int $customer_id Customer ID.
	 */
	public static function delete_customer( $customer_id ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$customer_id = (int) $customer_id;
		$num_deleted = $wpdb->delete( self::get_db_table_name(), array( 'customer_id' => $customer_id ) );

		if ( $num_deleted ) {
			/**
			 * Fires when a customer is deleted.
			 *
			 * @param int $order_id Order ID.
			 */
			do_action( 'woocommerce_analytics_delete_customer', $customer_id );

			ReportsCache::invalidate();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Delete a customer lookup row by WordPress User ID.
	 *
	 * @param int $user_id WordPress User ID.
	 */
	public static function delete_customer_by_user_id( $user_id ) {
		global $wpdb;

		$user_id     = (int) $user_id;
		$num_deleted = $wpdb->delete( self::get_db_table_name(), array( 'user_id' => $user_id ) );

		if ( $num_deleted ) {
			ReportsCache::invalidate();
		}
	}

	/**
	 * Initialize query objects.
	 */
	protected function initialize_queries() {
		$this->clear_all_clauses();
		$table_name     = self::get_db_table_name();
		$this->subquery = new SqlQuery( $this->context . '_subquery' );
		$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'from', $table_name );
		$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'select', "{$table_name}.customer_id" );
		$this->subquery->add_sql_clause( 'group_by', "{$table_name}.customer_id" );
	}
}